Field litter thickness assessed by gamma-ray spectrometry

The relationship between forest litter thickness and gamma-ray emissions were investigated using portable field spectrometer measurements along two sites located within the boreal forest of Québec, Canada. Results show that total gamma-ray emissions provide a covariable that is linearly related to litter thickness. This secondary information can be used to increase the precision of the estimations obtained from a cokriging process. Thus, gamma-ray measurements can be incorporated into experimental designs to compensate for a scarcity of measurements.     

越南甜竹纤维形态特征的研究

对甜竹原料、甜竹浆的纤维形态进行了研究。结果表明:甜竹原料纤维平均长度为2.37 mm、平均宽度17.91μm、长宽比值132.40;纤维平均壁厚为8.13μm、平均腔径为2.57μm、壁腔比值6.33。研究了在蒸煮过程中纤维形态的变化。结果表明,在蒸煮过程中甜竹纤维长度不断变小,从2.37 mm(原料)到1.79 mm(全浆),减少24%;蒸煮过程中纤维长宽比值也不断缩小,从132.40(原料)到98.89(全浆)。与青皮竹浆、桉木浆(阔叶木)、马尾松浆(针叶木)和麦草浆(草类)的纤维形态相比,甜竹浆纤维长度大于麦草浆纤维,小于马尾松浆纤维,与青皮竹浆和桉木浆纤维长度基本相近,因此甜竹浆纤维属于长纤维范围,是一种优良的造纸原料。     

Early postnatal development of central corneal thickness in dogs

Objective To investigate the changes in corneal thickness that occur during maturation of the canine eye over the first months of life. Animals studied Dogs of two different breeds with ages ranging from 14 days to 42 weeks of age. Procedures The central corneal thickness was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry every week for the first month after eyelid opening (around 14 days) and then every month until 42 weeks of age. Segmented regression was applied to capture the two phases observed in the central corneal thickness plotted against age. Breed, eye and gender were also included in the model. Results Mean central corneal thickness (CCT) values initially decreased following eyelid opening, with the lowest point being reached at around 6 weeks of age. Then CCT gradually increased as the dogs matured. Differences between left and right eye were not significant. Breed and gender effects were significant factors in the statistical model. Conclusions Following eyelid opening there is an initial decrease in corneal thickness until approximately 6 weeks of age, which presumably mirrors maturation of corneal endothelial cell function. After 6 weeks of age the CCT increases with age until approximately 30 weeks of age after which there was only a gradual increase over the remainder of the study period. A similar pattern of changes in corneal thickness in humans has been previously recorded.     

Fat-free mass is related to one-mile race performance in elite standardbred horses

This study examined whether body composition was predictive of competitive success in elite standardbreds (STB). Rump fat and muscle thickness (MTH) (vastus lateralis/intermedius [VL], extensor carpi radialis [ECR]) were measured in vivo in male n=6; female n=8 by B-mode ultrasound. Percentage body fat (%fat) was calculated from rump fat. There were no gender differences for age, body mass (males 432+/-11 kg; females 443+/-13 kg), fat-free mass (FFM) (males 400+/-12 kg; females 400+/-11 kg), ECR MTH (males 61+/-2 cm; females 60+/-2 cm) or race time (RT) (males 113+/-3 s; females 114+/-2 s). Males had less (P<0.05) fat mass (males 32+4 kg; females 44+/-3 kg) and %fat (males 7.4+/-0.9%; females 9.9+/-0.5%) and larger (P<0.05) VL MTH (males 88+/-7 cm; females 81+/-3 cm). RT was correlated to %fat and fat mass in males (r=0.89; r=0.82, P<0.05) not females (r=0.51; r=0.14). FFM tended to relate to RT in males (r=-0.76, P=0.07) and females (r=-0.59, P=0.12). Combined %fat and FFM data were correlated to RT (%fat r=0.70, P<0.01; FFM r=-0.65, P<0.01). RT was not correlated to MTH (VL r=-0.28; ECR r=-0.31). In conclusion, FFM was related to RT in elite STB with %fat negatively related to RT in males.     

一种确定土壤有机质含量的新方法——厚度指数法

分析了腐殖质厚度法和土壤有机质含量法存在的缺陷，提出了以土壤有机质含量的厚度为基础，以各类土壤中等肥力水平的有机质厚度为标准厚度来计算土壤有机质含量的厚度指数的方法－厚度指数法，用该方法计算的厚度指数能更好地反映植被好坏程度和土壤肥力的高低。     

SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF URINARY BLADDER WALL THICKNESS IN NORMAL DOGS

Urinary bladder wall thickness was evaluated by ultrasonography in 16 normal dogs. Sterile saline solution was administered via urinary catheters to control the degree of bladder distention. Bladder wall thickness was measured on static ultrasound images in 4 locations and at 3 degrees of bladder distention (minimal, mild, and moderate). Four randomized distention sequences with 3 distentions per sequence were performed on each dog and the data were analyzed using Williams' balanced Latin square. Mean bladder wall thickness was 2.3 mm in minimally distended bladders (0.5 ml/kg saline), 1.6 mm in mildly distended bladders (2 ml/kg saline) and 1.4 mm in moderately distended bladders (4 ml/kg saline). Mean bladder wall thickness increased significantly with increasing body weight and with decreasing bladder distention. The caudoventral measurement location produced a statistically significant smaller measurement, with a difference of 0.3 mm. Sex did not affect bladder wall thickness. Distention sequence and repetition of distentions did not affect bladder wall thickness.     

棉红铃虫表皮结构与自然耐药性研究

棉红铃虫４龄漫行期滞育幼虫中后胸背板表皮高度皱缩，由外向内呈明暗相间的抛物线型片层结构；非滞育幼虫表皮不皱缩，呈明暗相单质上线型片层结构。漫行期滞育幼虫雌雄个体表皮厚度无明显差异，分别为２７．８９μ和２３．７５μ，是非滞育型幼虫对应性别的３．０１倍和２．８８倍。     

中国主要树种的切削性能的研究——木材的密度对切削力的影响

本文通过木材密度对切削力的影响,探讨了木材的切削性能。对61种树种(针叶树11种,阔叶树50种)进行三个方向切削(纵向切削、横向切削、端向切削),两个切屑厚度的基本切削。通过切削实验,分别得出了主切削力Px与木材密度ρ之间的关系。实验结果表明,主切削力Px与木材密度ρ之间成如下关系:Px=a+bρ。此外,根据在切削中切屑的形成过程和木材产生的各种变形以及木材的强度特性,对主切削力随着木材密度的变化而变化的特点和机理作了分析。     

旱作区典型土类穿透阻力分布特征及耕层厚度确定

为探明不同土类的穿透阻力变化特征与影响因素,针对中国黄淮海旱作区与东北旱作区的潮土、褐土、黑土、黑钙土、砂姜黑土与棕壤共6种典型土壤,测定了0—40 cm穿透阻力,分析其垂直分布特征,建模分析了0-20 cm内穿透阻力与土壤理化性质(含水量、容重、质地、有机质含量)的量化关系,基于趋势分析,确定了不同土类的耕层厚度。结果表明:(1)在0—40 cm土层内,穿透阻力有着随土层深度的增加先增加后稳定的特征。平均穿透阻力最小的土类和亚类分别为黑钙土1.188 MPa和普通暗潮土0.819 MPa,最大的为褐土1.706 MPa和壤质石灰性潮土1.829 MPa。(2)在0—20 cm范围内,针对不同土类,不同建模方法的建模效果不同,偏最小二乘回归适用于潮土、黑土、棕壤,对褐土、砂姜黑土使用多元线性回归效果较好,随机森林回归则适用于黑钙土。开发的经验公式有助于阐明穿透阻力的变化因素。(3)Mann-Kendall法和Pettitt法可以客观地确定并检验耕层厚度,旱作区典型土类耕层厚度从大到小依次为褐土22.5 cm,潮土21.5 cm,棕壤20.0 cm,黑钙土16.0 cm,砂姜黑土15.0 cm,黑土14.0 cm,褐土、潮土、棕壤区可适当深耕,种植根系发达的作物,黑钙土、砂礓黑土、黑土区需要多加保护,减少大规模农机的使用。     

Central corneal thickness in koi fish: effects of age, sex, body length, and corneal diameter

OBJECTIVE: To establish the central corneal thickness (CCT) of normal koi fish by ultrasonic pachymetry, and its relationship to age, sex, body length and corneal diameter. METHODS: Age, sex and body length of 33 koi fish (17 male and 16 female fish) were recorded. Horizontal and vertical corneal diameters of each eye were obtained using Jameson calipers. Central corneal thickness of all eyes was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry. Intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry was obtained for a subgroup of nine koi (18 eyes). RESULTS: Mean central corneal thickness was 325.9 microm. Central corneal thickness of female koi was greater than CCT of male fish (P < 0.01). Central corneal thickness increased with increasing age overall and within both sexes (P < 0.01). Central corneal thickness increased with increasing body length (P < 0.001). For male and female fish, CCT increased with increasing horizontal and vertical corneal diameters (P < 0.01). Mean horizontal corneal diameter (HCD) was 8.05 mm, mean vertical corneal diameter (VCD) was 7.38 mm, and HCD was consistently greater than VCD. Mean IOP of a subgroup of these koi was 4.9 mmHg by rebound tonometry. CONCLUSIONS: Koi CCT increases with increasing age, body length and corneal diameter.